Built Heritage and its Significance - 170 Yee Kuk Street
Sham Shui Po is full of my childhood memory since I was born and lived in tong lau in this district. And I started my journey of undergraduate studies from the research of Hong Kong medical history. Therefore, I choose the tong lau located on Yee Kuk Street (醫局街) as my starting point for my postgraduate studies, also the first post of this blog! 😍
170 Yee Kuk Street, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong
Grade II historic building (See Appendix 1 & 2)
Fig. 1.1 170 Yee
Kuk Street (Source: the author)
1.
Location
· Address: No. 170 Yee Kuk Street, Sham Shui Po, Kowloon, Hong Kong
· Inland Lot: The Remaining
Portion of Section A of New Kowloon Inland Lot No. 39
- The term “New Kowloon” refers to the area bounded in the south by Boundary Street, and in the north by ranges of the Lion Rock, Beacon Hill, Tate's Cairn and Kowloon Peak, which covers the present Kowloon City District, Kwun Tong District, Wong Tai Sin District and part of the Sham Shui Po District, commencing from 8 December 1937, signed by the Director of Public Works, countersigned by the Governor and deposited in the Land Registry.[1]
· From Past to Present shown on the Map
(170 Yee Kuk Street was marked in the red square)
.jpg)
Fig. 1.2 Map drawn in 1920s (Source: the author and Hong Kong Historic Map)
- Government named the street as “Yee Kuk Street” because
of the old Sham Shui Po Public Dispensary started to provide medical service to
local residents inside the Tin Hau Temple (No. 182 Yee Kuk Street) in 1913.[2]
- Section A of New Kowloon Inland
Lot No. 39 was marked in the red square
Fig. 1.3 Aerial Photo of 1947.1 (Source: the author and Hong Kong Historic Map)
.jpg)
Fig. 1.4 Map drawn in 1965.1 (Source: the author and Hong Kong Historic Map)
- There was still no building between the school (176-178 Yee Kuk Street) and this site (170 Yee Kuk Street). The buildings on 172-174 Yee Kuk Street were constructed in process.
.jpg)
Fig. 1.5 Map drawn in
1975.1 (Source: the author and Hong Kong Historic Map)
2. Description
of the Site (Summary of historical development)
170 Yee Kuk Street is a 3-storey verandah-type shophouse built in the 1920s, which is also a privately-owned historic building owned by picture-framer, Mr. Suen King-sun’s family. It was used for their business of Yick Ping Factory on the ground from 1977 to 2016. This site is a Grade II historic building confirmed on 21 December 2010 by Antiquities and Monuments Office.[3]
The site’s historical development
|
Year |
Historical Event |
|
~1920s |
The building
was constructed. [4] |
|
1923 |
Title
registration [5] |
|
1960 |
Wong
Kwan-ying purchased the building at a cost of HK$50,000, used for rattan
furniture business on the upper floors. [6] |
|
1977 |
Mr. Suen
King-sun purchased the ground floor at a cost of HK$330,000
from Wong Kwan-ying.[7] He
moved his framing company named Yick Ping Factory from 4/F, 9C Boundary
Street, Sham Shui Po to this building G/F, and operated the business with his
wife.[8] |
|
1986 |
Mr. Suen
King-sun purchased the building 1/F and 2/F from Wong Kwan-ying at a total cost of $500,000.[9] |
|
~1990s |
1/F and 2/F
were leased to garment factories.[10] |
|
~2000s |
1/F became the storage
space of Yick Ping factory, while 2/F was leased as domestic flats for two
families.[11] |
|
2009 |
Mr. Suen
King-sun passes away, and his second son took over his father business.[12] |
|
2010 |
It
was regarded as Grade 2 Historic Building.[13] |
|
2016 |
Yick Ping
Factory was closed down.[14] |
|
2017-2020 |
The
ground floor and the upper floors were leased separately. G/F
was leased to a nearby restaurant for additional area use. 1/F
and 2/F were leased to two family for residence.[15] |
|
Late 2020 |
Mr. Suen’s
family decided to get back the property of the whole building for renovation.[16] |
|
Late 2021 |
Restoration works
have been substantially completed.[17] |
3. Current Use of the site
After
the business closure of Yick Ping Factory in 2016, the building was abandoned with
no entry to public. Apart from the visual inspection on the building façade, storefront
and staircase at ground level, the interior space of the building is not
accessible, so the internal areas could not be inspected deeply. Despite the
restricted access, the architectural elements are still identified by my
desktop research including the news before the business closure and the site
visit by the owner’s
friend, to have a general understanding of the building conditions of the
exterior and interior space.
4.
The
past and current character & state of the site
Fig 4.1 3D Architectural Drawing (Source: Dr.
Yiu Chung-yim Edward) [18]
The 3D model of 170 Yee Kuk Street drawn by Dr. Yiu Chung-yim Edward
of the Institute of Future Cities, The Chinese University of Hong Kong shows the
building structure and the upward sloping design of the building rear side
which facilitates the ventilation and lighting of scavenging lane to improve
the public health and control the plague, cholera and small-pox.[19]
It is also the evidence of the second-generation constructed with scavenging
lane after the commencement of Public Health and Buildings Ordinance in 1903.
A.
Front
Elevation
Before and After Renovation
Fig 4.2 The façade of building in 2016 (Source: Ivan Wong)[20] – photo on left
Fig 4.3 The façade of building in 2022 (Source: the author) – photo on right
A 3-storey verandah-type shophouse attracts my eyeball, the façade and column are rendered with white paint with bright red Chinese calligraphic characters on every vertical and horizontal parts, which is not only symbolic for its aesthetic values, also functions as signage of commercial advertisement by repetition as marketing technique to let passers-by know what business and product it provides, to build brand familiarity for the community.
However, I found it interesting that the characters are not
authentic but seems authentic. In the renovation work of 2021, the owner
persisted to repaint the same words and styles of Chinese characters on the
exterior wall as the original one after rendering. [21]
Fig 4.4 The verandahs and the columns. (Source: the author)
Fig 4.5 The verandahs and the columns. (Source: the author)
Verandahs were permitted to be built over the pavement before the enforcement of Buildings Ordinance of 1955, and supported by Tuscan Order, forming a covered sidewalk in front of the shop. The base of two columns were originally render in black and repainted in grey during the renovation work in 2021.
Fig 4.6 The red Chinese characters “一平 裝裱字畫 各類畫架” painted on the left column of ground floor. (Source: the author)
Fig 4.7 The red Chinese
characters “一平 裝裱字畫 鋁質相架” painted on the right column of ground floor.
(Source: the author)
Fig 4.8 The façade of building in 2016 (Source: Ivan Wong)[22] – photo on the left
Fig 4.9 The façade of building in 2022 (Source: the author) – photo on the right
Observation:
1. The red Chinese characters “一平 鋁質相架” were painted on the left column of the first and second floors, while the red Chinese Characters “一平 新欵畫框”were painted on the right column of the first and second floors.
2. The characters written from right to left which show the aesthetic values and cultural value of Chinese characters.
3.
The verandahs
have been enclosed with steel framed windows painted with green colour. The
pattern design of window after renovation were different but compatible and similar
to the original characteristics and setting of the windows.
Fig 4.11 The view from the bottom in 2022 (Source: the author)
Observation:
After renovation in 2021, the projecting signboard in circular shape showing the business name “一平畫架” was removed.
The signboard is the urban heritage to help people understand the story and history of the shop, also the characteristics and the needs of the neighborhood, so the signboard should be preserved to preserve the community.
According to the conservation principle of Venice Charter Article
14 ‘‘The sites of monuments must be the object of special care in order to
safeguard their integrity…’’ [24],
the removal of the signboard deteriorates the physical, structural, design and
aesthetic integrity in maintaining the historical and physical context. Also,
it causes the loss of the architectural element and the tangible character-defining
elements for the building, which degrades architectural value of the building.
Deterioration & Damage
Fig 4.12 The condition of the rendered paint. (Source: the author)
Defects: Water-staining and hydration of the painted render.
The render finishes of external wall were hydrated and form the water droplets in black colour because of high humidity.
- Effects and Implications on the building
It may cause saturation of building fabric to affect the structure, and cause further decay by rainwater penetration, which affects aesthetic and architectural values.
- Proposed Work
1.
Steam Cleaning:
After identifying the paints to ensure the minimum intervention for the building fabric with Chinese Characters, steam cleaning is suggested to keep the clean appearance and good condition of the building, since this method cause less damage than mechanical and chemical cleaning.[25]
2.
Maintenance:
The hydrated painted finishes can be treated with hydrophobic
impregnation that penetrate the reinforced concrete with silane to coat the
surface of the pores and create a water-repellent layer on the surface of the
concrete.[26]
B.
Storefront
on G/F
Fig 4.13 Storefront of 170 Yee Kuk Street. (Source: the author)
Although Yick Ping Factory was closed in 2016, the architectural elements of the storefront are still retained, such as the porcelain mosaic tiling on the left and right side of the exterior wall, the signboard of shop name, grey iron gate, red door gate and reinforced concrete straight staircase. Except for the mosaic tiles and staircase, other elements mentioned above were refurbished in 2021. [27]
Fig 4.16 The closeup of iron gate. (Source: the author)
The iron gate of storefront was originally reddish-brown and repainted in grey in the renovation work of 2021.
Fig 4.17 Behind the signboard. (Source: the author)
Another interesting finding is that the carved iron lintel frame is hindered by the signboard of the shop name! It can only be seen when people walk up the stairs of the building.
Fig 4.18 The street board on the mosaic tile wall. (Source: the author)
The metal street sign bound on the mosaic tile of right exterior
wall was a new addition work to the building in the renovation of 2021. (Marked
in the blue circle)
Fig 4.19 Mosaic tiling on the wall. (Source: the author)
Porcelain mosaic is a durable material commonly used on exterior
walls.[29]
On 170 Yee Kuk Street, the mosaic tiling is coated on the left and right side
of the external wall, which indicates the craftmanship of setting and mosaic
tile. There are 8 rows of orange square porcelain mosaic tiles at the bottom on
each side as the platform and decoration. The upper parts on each side are
stuck with light green rectangular porcelain mosaic tiles. However, there are
lots of defects found in this architectural element.
Deterioration & Damage
Fig 4.20 The current state of mosaic tiling on the wall. (Source: the author)
Defect (1): Stains accumulated in grout joints between the tiles
- - Effects and Implications on the building:
It deteriorates the appearance and visual impression for people,
which affects the aesthetic and architectural value of the building elevation.
- Proposed Work
Grout cleaner or baking soda with a toothbrush are the proposed tools
to remove the dirt of grout joints and make it clean. [30]
Fig 4.21 The current state of mosaic tiling on the wall. (Source: the author)
Defect (2): Loss and Crack of mosaic tiles
- Effects and Implications on the building
It fails to serve as a protective coating to the exterior walls, and facilitates the substrate to decay.
- Proposed Work
In order to repair the broken mosaic
tiles, procure the mosaic tiles in size and colours which can match the
original ones to ensure the compatibility with the original setting.
Fig 4.22 The current state of mosaic tiling on the wall. (Source: the author)
Defect (3): Irregularities and Malpractices in Repair Works:
Use of the piece of white porcelain tile to replace the broken mosaic tile.
(marked in the blue square)
-
- Effects and Implications on the building
It is incompatible with the original fabric, which affects the
authenticity in form and design, materials and substance, traditions and
techniques indicated in the Nara Document (1994) based on the Venice Charter
1964 (Nara Document: 47).[31] The
lack of proper repair and maintenance have caused the adverse effects on the
building, according to the Hoi An Protocol ‘‘The retention of authenticity
is the aim of good conservation practice’’ (Hoi An Protocol: 7).[32]
Fig 4.23 The current state of the floor in front of the shop. (Source: the author)
Defect (4): Mould / Algae Growth on the ground
- Effects and Implications on the building
It demonstrates the damp problem, where moisture will facilitate
the decay from the floor to wall and other building structure.[33]
C.
Interior
Space
Fig 4.24 The old
postboxes and electrical boxes are still hung on the wall of stairway on G/F. (Source:
the author)
Fig 4.25 The straight
staircase (Source: the author)
From G/F to 1/F,
there is a straight staircase made with reinforced concrete. The staircase
material is different from other staircase of the second-generation shophouse
built from 1900s to 1920s, because timber staircases are usually found in the
second-generation shophouse. The material use of reinforce concrete in
staircase indicates the transformation of the staircase material, and also the
gradual wide use of reinforced concrete in Hong Kong.
Fig 4.26 Walk up the straight staircase. (Source: the author) - photo on the left
Fig 4.27 Walk down the straight staircase. (Source: the author) - photo on the right
The staircase is made of reinforced concrete.
Fig 4.28 The handrail of the staircase. (Source: the author)
The iron handrail
of staircase was painted in green colour. It is tubular which is the ideal
shape of the handrail[34],
but it is too thin in diameter to provide inadequate grip.
Fig 4.29 Mr. Suen King-sun’s wife introduced the
staircase of 170 Yee Kuk Street. (Source: Hui Sin-yuk)[35]
Fig 4.30. The staircase from G/F to 1/F. (Source: Ivan Wong)[36]
Fig 4.31 The green door gate. (Source: the author)
After news clipping and desktop research, I found that the staircase from G/F to 1/F is blocked by a door, separated into two sections. And the door carved with square pattern was repainted from black to green colour in the renovation work of 2021.
Fig 4.32 Staircase from 1/F to 2/F. (Source: Lo1111Chung)[37]
According to the 3D model drawing by Dr. Yiu Chung-yim Edward[38], the
straight staircase from 1/F to 2/F towards the left in the building. It has
different directions with the staircase from G/F to 1/F.
Fig 4.33 Staircase from 2/F to Rooftop. (Source: Ivan Wong) [39]
Fig 4.34 The state of G/F before the closure of Yick Ping Factory. (Source: Ivan Wong) [40]
Interior space of 1/F
Fig 4.36 Interior space of 1/F (Source: Lo1111Chung) [42]
The cockloft is retained.
Fig 4.37 The
floor tiles of 1/F (Source: Lo1111Chung)
[43]
The cement floor tiles in black sqaure pattern on
1/F and 2/F are also retained.
Rooftop
Fig 4.38 The view of rooftop on 170 Yee Kuk Street. (Source: Lo1111Chung) [44]
The galvanized iron canopy was the minor
additional work to the building rooftop forming a shelter for the rooftop.
5. Heritage Significance of 170 Yee Kuk Street
The Statement of Significance (SoS) established for 170 Yee Kuk
Street follows The Burra Charter process identified by historic value, aesthetic
(architectural) value, social value and spiritual value.
Reference Document
The reference document is The Burra Charter[45], and
the definition source is taken from “Practice Note: Understanding and assessing
cultural significance”.[46]
a. Historic Value
Definition of Historic Value
According to The Burra Charter’s “Practice Note”
“Historic
value is intended to encompass all aspects of history—for example, the history
of aesthetics, art and architecture, science, spirituality and society… A place
may have historic value because it has influenced, or has been influenced by,
an historic event, phase, movement or activity, person or group of people. It
may be the site of an important event.” [47]
Historic Value Statement
170 Yee Kuk Street is the only surviving prewar shophouse on Yee
Kuk Street with a history of more than 90 years which has built in the 1920s,[48] which
is an example of the second-generation shophouse built between 1900s and 1920s modified
by Public Health and Buildings Ordinance of 1903 provided with scavenging lane[49] and
the newly introduced reinforced concrete as material. It is the legacy to
witness the prosperous arts development of Hong Kong since the building is
owned by the picture-framer Mr. Suen King-sun and used for their family’s
business Yick Ping Factory from 1977 to 2016,
additionally the famous artists such as Chan Kau-on (陳球安), Wong Wucius (王無邪) and some
galleries were the loyal customer of Yick Ping Factory[50].
As one of the few remaining shophouse in New Kowloon which has used for framing
factory and garment factory, it is
also a historic symbol of the golden period of cottage factory in local
industrial development that the cottage factories were operated by family at a
floor in shophouse.
b. Aesthetic (Architectural) Value
Definition of Aesthetic Value
According to The Burra Charter’s “Practice Note”
“Aesthetic
value refers to the sensory and perceptual experience of a place… Aesthetic
qualities may include the concept of beauty and formal aesthetic ideals.” [51]
Aesthetic (Architectural) Value Statement
170 Yee Kuk Street is one of the few
well-preserved verandah-type shophouses in Hong Kong that its façade and
interior spaces were renovated in 2021. The Tuscan Order columns support the verandahs
projecting out of the pavement, which forms a covered walkway in front of the ground
floor. The first floor and the second floor have been enclosed with green steel
framed windows. These architectural elements emphasis how the construction of
vernacular architecture adaptive to sub-tropical climate in Hong Kong.
The combination of color in red
characters and white painted render wall have created a strong contrast which
becomes the prominent visual landmark on Yee Kuk Steet and also in Sham Shui Po
district for many years. The building façade was rendered and painted white
with red Chinese calligraphic, such as “一平裝裱字畫各欵畫框”on each
horizontal parts of the façade, which show the shop’s name and the products and
services it offered to form the identifiable sign and function of commercial
advertisement on the building. The characters written from right to left
reflects the aesthetic characteristics of Chinese characters and human writing
habits in Chinese calligraphy that the Chinese wrote on bamboo slips before the
invention of paper, the right hand was used for holding the volume end while
the left hand was used to unfold the volume, and also prevent the right-hand
being dirt from wet ink.[52]
The interior architectural elements are retained to reflect the
characteristics of typical shophouse, such as the cockloft which was used for
storage. The cement floor tiles in black square pattern and ceiling cornices
are retained. The straight staircase without ventilation slot is also the
distinctive symbol of the second generation shophouse because the stair of each
storey must require natural lighting and ventilation for the building
constructed after 1935 according to Buildings Ordinance of 1935[53] (See
Appendix 3), while the dog-legged staircases
are commonly found in post-war shophouse to be space-saving [54] and form
the staircase well.
c. Social Value
Definition of Social Value
According to The Burra Charter’s “Practice Note”
“Social value
refers to the associations that a place has for a particular community or
cultural group and the social or cultural meanings that it holds for
them.” [55]
Social Value Statement
Shophouse is
a typical type of vernacular architecture in urban area as the representation
of collective identity to reflect the daily life of the general public. For
more than 30 years, 170 Yee Kuk Street has been used as Yick Ping Factory providing photo and painting mounting services and related products. The characters painted on the
façade create the visual identity to reflect the needs and characteristics of
the Sham Shui Po neighborhood. The business of Yick Ping Factory was flourished in
the 1970s and 1980s, to become a well-known frame factory for the galleries and
famous artists[56],
which outline the importance of art appreciation and
interpretation in Hong Kong, and also the flourishment of gallery at that time.
The character painted on facade showing the name of Yick Ping Factory has
become the visual landmark on Yee Kuk Street, also create an important cultural
significance to carry collective memory in searching company information for
Hong Kong people. The Chinese name “一平’’ was stemmed from the convenience for consumer finding company’s
telephone number [57] on
the telephone directory Yellow Pages, which is not only a telephone
directory, but also an indispensable tool for business and a consumer guide
published from 1951 to 2018.[58] As
the company information of the Chinese version are listed in stroke order, “一’’ will be shown on the first page of the publication, enabling people to find it easily and rapidly. From the past to the present, 170 Yee Kuk
Street is associated with the identity of artists, photographers and the
neighborhood in Sham Shui Po.
d. Spiritual Value
Definition of Spiritual Value
According to The Burra Charter’s “Practice Note”
“Spiritual
value refers to the intangible values and meanings embodied in or evoked by a
place which give it importance in the spiritual identity, or the traditional knowledge,
art and practices of a cultural group. Spiritual value may also be reflected in
the intensity of aesthetic and emotional responses or community associations,
and be expressed through cultural practices and related places.” [59]
Spiritual Value Statement
170 Yee Kuk Street is the repository of knowledge, traditional art related to spiritual practice of painting mounting technique since the place was used for Yick Ping Factory’s painting mounting service for more than 30 years. Painting mounting was inscribed to the item 5.52 of the first inventory of intangible cultural heritage (ICH) of Hong Kong for the Government’s consideration:
Painting mounting is a traditional technique to sustain, display and restore Chinese paintings, with the painting fixed onto the flat surface of the reel and frame. The work process involves making adhesives, mounting the painting and clearing mildew. [60]
After the painting and photograph are mounted, it adds an
aesthetic quality and create a better environment for display and protection to
bring audience a unique ambience for appreciating the artworks. This place also
reflects the emotional responses and community associations with the tradition
of Chinese family that the framer factory had high demand for mounting the
family photo in the 1970s and the 1980s because of family photo hang in the
living room as a tool to maintain family relationships at that time[61]. As
one of the remaining framer factories, it reflected the traditional
craftmanship by Mr. Suen King-sun’s family contribution to the practice and
preservation of intangible heritage.
Fig 5.1 The sticker of “Yee Kuk Street”. (Source: the author)
After the site visit and the analysis of heritage significance, I found that the “Yee Kuk Street” sticker was already stuck on my phone case for more than one year. It is absolutely a marvelous story! I hope you will also be interested in the story of this shophouse. Don’t miss this historic building when you visit Sham Shui Po next time!
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Appendix
Appendix 1: List of the Historic Buildings in Building Assessment [62]
Appendix 2: Definition of Grading [63]
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Appendix 3: The staircases in Buildings Ordinance of 1935: 33 (4) [64]
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Footnotes (Chicago Manual of Style 17th Edition)
[2] Cheung, “Stories behind Hong Kong street names: Yee Kuk Street and
its benefactor.”
[3] AAB – a, “List of the Historic Buildings in Building
Assessment (as of 22 March 2011).”
[4] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[5] Ibid.
[6] Ibid.
[7] AAB - b. “Historic Building Appraisal_542.”
[8] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[9] AAB - b. “Historic Building Appraisal_542.”
[10] Ibid.
[11] Ibid.
[12] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[13] AAB – a, “List of the Historic Buildings in Building
Assessment (as of 22 March 2011).”
[14] AAB - b. “Historic Building Appraisal_542.”
[15] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[16] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[17] Ibid.
[18] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[19] Ng, “Regulate for Light, Air and Healthy Living: Part ll –
Regulating the provision of natural light and ventilation of buildings in Hong
Kong,” 18-19.
[20] Wong,“路過無數次的【一平】.”
[21] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[22] Wong,“路過無數次的【一平】.”
[23] Wong,“路過無數次的【一平】.”
[24] ICOMOS – b, “The Venice Charter - International Council on
Monuments and Sites.”
[25] Odgers, “Steam Cleaning.”
[27] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[28] Ibid.
[30] Murphy, “Maintenance and Repair of Mosaic Tiles.”
[31] ICOMOS – a, “The NARA document on authenticity (1994) -
International Council on Monuments and Sites.”
[32] Engelhardt & Rogers, “Hoi An Protocols for best conservation
practice in Asia: professional guidelines for assuring and preserving the
authenticity of heritage sites in the context of the cultures of Asia.”
[35] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[36] Wong,“路過無數次的【一平】.”
[37] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[38] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[39] Wong,“路過無數次的【一平】.”
[40] Ibid.
[41] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[42] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[43] Ibid.
[44] Lo1111Chung,“走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”
[45] Australia ICOMOS - a. “The Burra Charter: The Australia
ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013.”
[46] Australia ICOMOS - b. "Practice Note: Understanding and
Assessing Cultural Significance."
[47] Australia ICOMOS - b. "Practice Note: Understanding and
Assessing Cultural Significance", 3.
[48] AAB - b. “Historic Building Appraisal_542.”
[49] The University of Hong Kong Libraries, “Historical Laws of Hong
Kong Online | BUILDINGS ORDINANCE.”
[50] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[51] Australia ICOMOS - b. "Practice Note: Understanding and
Assessing Cultural Significance", 3.
[52] Artist Singapore, “Why did the ancient Chinese write vertically and
write from right to left?.”
[53] The University of Hong Kong Libraries, “Historical Laws of Hong
Kong Online | BUILDINGS ORDINANCE.”
[54] Job Market,“細賞唐樓美學.”
[55] Australia ICOMOS - b. "Practice Note: Understanding and
Assessing Cultural Significance", 4.
[56] Wong & Hui,“【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”
[57] Law, Wong & Lee, “壹幢古宅
騎樓好風光.”
[58] Chan & Tang,“黃頁永在您左右.”
[59] Australia ICOMOS - b. "Practice Note: Understanding and
Assessing Cultural Significance", 4.
[60] HKSAR, “First intangible cultural heritage inventory of Hong Kong
announced today.”
[61] Chan, Wong & Wong,“【全家福看舊時】社會變遷的「旁觀者」 隱藏在老照片的倫理觀念.”
[62] AAB – a, “List of the Historic Buildings in Building
Assessment (as of 22 March 2011).”
[63] AMO, “Antiquities and Monuments Office - Assessment of 1444
Historic Buildings and New Items (29).”
[64] The University of Hong Kong Libraries, “Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online | BUILDINGS ORDINANCE,” 33 (4).
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Bibliography
English Publications
Bridge, John P. Ceramic Tile Setting. Blue Ridge Summit, PA: TAB Books, 1992.
Campbell, James W. P., Michael Tutton, and Jill Pearce. Staircases : History, Repair and Conservation. Edited by James W. P. Campbell, Michael Tutton, and Jill Pearce. Abingdon, Oxon ;: Routledge, 2014.
Chu, Cecilia L. Building Colonial Hong Kong : Speculative Development and Segregation in the City. Abingdon, Oxfordshire ;: Routledge, 2022.
Henry, Alison, John D. Stewart, and John D. (John Donald) Stewart. Practical Building Conservation. Mortars, Renders & Plasters. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
Odgers, David. Practical Building Conservation. Concrete. Farnham: Ashgate, 2012.
Online Publications
Charters
Australia ICOMOS - a. “The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance 2013.” Australia ICOMOS. October 31, 2013. https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/The-Burra-Charter-2013-Adopted-31.10.2013.pdf
Australia ICOMOS - b. "Practice Note: Understanding
and Assessing Cultural Significance." Australia ICOMOS. November, 2013. https://australia.icomos.org/wp-content/uploads/Practice-Note_Understanding-and-assessing-cultural-significance.pdf
Engelhardt, Richard A., and Rogers, Pamela Rumball. “Hoi An Protocols for best conservation practice in Asia: professional guidelines for assuring and preserving the authenticity of heritage sites in the context of the cultures of Asia.” The UNESCO Digital Library. 2009. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000182617
ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) - a. “The NARA document on authenticity (1994) - International Council on Monuments and Sites.” ICOMOS. November 21, 1994. https://www.icomos.org/en/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/386-the-nara-document-on-authenticity-1994
ICOMOS (International Council on Monuments and Sites) – b. “The Venice Charter - International Council on Monuments and Sites.” ICOMOS. 1964. https://www.icomos.org/en/179-articles-en-francais/ressources/charters-and-standards/157-the-venice-charter
Journal Article
Ng, Edward. “Regulate for Light, Air and Healthy Living: Part ll – Regulating the provision of natural light and ventilation of buildings in Hong Kong” HKIA Journal, no. 37 (1st Quarter 2014): 18-19. https://www.hkia.net/uploads/en/publication/journal/HKIA_Journal_37.pdf?fbclid=IwAR0A0XB0GtadgSCyTR3H87WIMNf78vB8IWRYTJPDtNfqfGsoliOEBjzRuWU
Website
AAB (Antiquities Advisory Board) - a. “List of the Historic Buildings in Building Assessment (as of 22 March 2011).” Antiquities Advisory Board. March 22, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110527165651/http://www.amo.gov.hk/form/AAB-SM-chi.pdf
AAB (Antiquities Advisory Board) - b. “Historic Building Appraisal_542. ” Antiquities Advisory Board. Antiquities Advisory Board. Accessed 28 September, 2022. https://www.aab.gov.hk/filemanager/aab/common/historicbuilding/en/542_Appraisal_En.pdf
AMO (Antiquities and Monuments Office). “Antiquities and Monuments Office - Assessment of 1444 Historic Buildings and New Items (29).” Antiquities and Monuments Office. January 12, 2022. https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/historic-buildings/historic-buildings-hk/assessment/index.html
Artist Singapore. “Why did the ancient Chinese write vertically and write from right to left?.” Artist Singapore. March 4, 2020. https://www.artist.com.sg/chinese-calligraphy-why-did-the-ancient-chinese-write-vertically-and-write-from-right-to-left/
HKSAR Gov (Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government). “First intangible cultural heritage inventory of Hong Kong announced today.” The Government Information Centre. June 17, 2014. https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201406/17/P201406160842.htm
Job Market. “細賞唐樓美學.” EDU PLUS. Accessed 28 September, 2022. https://www.eduplus.hk/eduguide/ep2_issue.jsp?articleID=702&issueNumber=80
Law Insider. “New Kowloon Definition.” Law Insider. Accessed 28 September, 2022. https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/new-kowloon
Murphy, Ben. “Maintenance and Repair of Mosaic Tiles.” Mosaic Village. November 26, 2014. https://mosaicvillage.co.uk/maintenance-and-repair-of-mosaic-tiles/
Odgers, David. “Steam Cleaning.” The Building Conservation Directory. Accessed 29 September, 2022. https://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/steam-cleaning/steam-cleaning.htm
The University of Hong Kong Libraries. “Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online | BUILDINGS ORDINANCE.” Historical Laws of Hong Kong Online. Accessed 29 September, 2022. https://oelawhk.lib.hku.hk/items/show/1877
Newspaper
Chan, Siu-por, and Tang, Lung-kit (陳少波、鄧龍傑). “黃頁永在您左右.” Wen Wei Po, March 7, 2005. http://paper.wenweipo.com/2005/03/07/OT0503070022.htm.
Chan, Ying-ying, Wong, Ching-hin, and Wong, Ka-ching (陳盈瀛、黃正軒、王嘉政). “【全家福看舊時】社會變遷的「旁觀者」 隱藏在老照片的倫理觀念.” HK01, August 2, 2016. https://www.hk01.com/article/34566?utm_source=01articlecopy&utm_medium=referral
Cheung, Rachel, “Stories behind Hong Kong street names: Yee Kuk Street and its benefactor.” South China Morning Post, September 26, 2016. https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/travel-leisure/article/2022021/stories-behind-hong-kong-street-names-yee-kuk-street-and
Law, Kwok-Fei, Wong, Wun-hing, and Lee, Kei-wah (羅國輝、黃雲慶、李啟華). “壹幢古宅 騎樓好風光.” Apple Daily, July 16, 2015. https://tvb4life.pixnet.net/blog/post/201133911--%E5%A3%B9%E5%B9%A2%E5%8F%A4%E5%AE%85-%E9%A8%8E%E6%A8%93%E5%A5%BD%E9%A2%A8%E5%85%89
Wong, Pik-shan, and Hui, Sin-yuk (黃碧珊、許先煜). “【專題籽】大騎樓地舖 見證兩段戀曲.”Apple Daily, May 12, 2015. https://collection.news/appledaily/articles/LP3FQLGSGVUYTOIBSD5TJDE3AE
Blog
Lo1111Chung (潮乜春). “走進二級歷史建築：一平鏡廠.”潮乜春 (blog), Matters, December 7, 2021. https://matters.news/@Lo1111Chung/210454-%E8%B5%B0%E9%80%B2%E4%BA%8C%E7%B4%9A%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%BB%BA%E7%AF%89-%E4%B8%80%E5%B9%B3%E9%8F%A1%E5%BB%A0-bafyreig5skf7oz235ti3evebee4qjzp62cptq4sryehuk2vhvysz6cq6wm
Social Media
Wong, Ivan (@ivanwongallery). “路過無數次的【一平】.” Facebook, April 7, 2016. https://m.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.1225665574130183&type=3&_se_imp=0sJ13gw1hkkMI9sLL
我係 "橙葉測量師" (@HKGPSURVEYOR). “[歷史考查] Public Health and Buildings Ordinance 1903.” Facebook, February 2, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/2418829341710714/posts/2714542068806105/
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